無(wú)錫雅思：雅思大作文如何回應(yīng)評(píng)分標(biāo)注那種的銜接和連貫

雅思寫(xiě)作四大評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，大部分同學(xué)對(duì)詞匯、語(yǔ)法、任務(wù)的回應(yīng)都有比較好的認(rèn)識(shí)或簡(jiǎn)單的了解，但是對(duì)coherence & cohesion（銜接和連貫）卻沒(méi)有什么概念。 因此，要在這個(gè)方面達(dá)到普遍的6分水平就會(huì)比較有挑戰(zhàn)。

今天就跟大家來(lái)聊聊coherence & cohesion這個(gè)模糊的概念，希望大家能夠從知道這是個(gè)什么要求到能夠很好回應(yīng)這個(gè)要求，達(dá)到比較理想的寫(xiě)作分?jǐn)?shù)。

什么是coherence & cohesion？

 

Coherence：When something such as a piece of writing is easy to understand because its parts are connected in a clear and reasonable way（www.ldoce.com）

 

Cohesion: If there is cohesion among a group of people, a set of ideas etc, all the parts or members of it are connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole（www.ldoce.com）

 

基于Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 的定義，我們大概可以知道coherence & cohesion指的是文章內(nèi)部各部分的內(nèi)容能夠合理地連接在一起。

 

但是，仍然不太清楚二者的區(qū)別，更不太清楚怎樣做到內(nèi)容間合理地連接在一起。下面看 Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary的定義：

Coherence：ideas are logical and well-organized: easy  to understand

Cohesive: ideas are closely united

 

通過(guò)以上兩個(gè)資源的定義，我們可以這樣理解：  coherence 連貫指的是“合理的邏輯”，即句間邏輯合理且段落劃分清晰；cohesion銜接指的是“有效的銜接”，即句內(nèi)、句間和段間的語(yǔ)言要用銜接詞連接。

怎樣才能做到邏輯合理，有效銜接？

 

這其實(shí)要求我們能夠恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂们‘?dāng)、有效的銜接詞。事實(shí)上， 銜接詞使用的恰當(dāng)與否，直接影響邏輯上是否合理清晰，所以二者緊密聯(lián)系。下面我們來(lái)看一個(gè)段落：

 

Children nowadays have more problems. Children in general are not as sociable as previous generations of children, who used to spend more time playing with friends. Some children may feel lonelier and more isolated. They may be less imaginative than children in the past. They do not have to invent their own games and they spend less time reading books. 

 

在讀的過(guò)程中我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很“尬“，主要原因是句間沒(méi)有任何的銜接詞。同時(shí)，句間的邏輯關(guān)系并不清晰明了。那在詞句能表達(dá)都比較好的情況下，我們?cè)鯓釉阢暯舆B貫這個(gè)層面去”拯救“或”優(yōu)化“這個(gè)段落？大家可以看看加上以下括號(hào)內(nèi)內(nèi)容的段落情況：

 

Children nowadays have more problems. （Firstly，）children in general are not as sociable as previous generations of children, who used to spend more time playing with friends. （As a result,）some children may feel lonelier and more isolated.（Besides,） they may be less imaginative than children in the past （ because）they do not have to invent their own games and they spend less time reading books. 

 

加上以上的銜接過(guò)渡詞后，整個(gè)段落讀起來(lái)會(huì)很順，不會(huì)尷尬； 最重要的是句間的邏輯關(guān)系也非常的清晰明了且合理。因此在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中我們要注意積累一些銜接過(guò)渡詞。下面給大家補(bǔ)充一些寫(xiě)作中常見(jiàn)的銜接詞匯:

 

1. 因果關(guān)系

因?yàn)椋篵ecause/since/as/for/ considering that/ given that +句子（從句）, ....（主句）

because of /owing to/ due to/ in view of+ 名詞，...

所以：for such reasons/ as a result / therefore/ consequently/ thus / hence/in consequence/ as a consequence/under these conditions,...

               ...., so/ so that/ the consequence of which is that....

 

2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

...but/while/yet…

though/ even though / despite that/ in spite of the fact that..., ....

however/ nevertheless/ on the other hand, ...

 

3. 并列關(guān)系

and/ as well as/ either...，or.../ both...and...

also/ for one thing/ for another/  meanwhile/ at the same time, ...

 

4. 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

Furthermore/ moreover/ further/ in addition (to)/ additionally / next/ besides, ...

not only...but also.../  more specifically/  in other words,...

 

5. 先后關(guān)系

first/ to begin with/ to start with/ first of all,...

second/ next/  afterwards/ since then/ prior to this,....

at last/ eventually/ last but not least/ to end with/ finally,...

 

6.舉例關(guān)系

for example/  for instance, ...

...., namely/ like/ such as/ including +名詞

a case in point is.../ a good example would be...

to detail this, I would like to.../take…as example

 

7.比較關(guān)系（相同點(diǎn)）

in comparison with/ when compared with/ compared with+名詞 ,...

similarly/ likewise,....

like+名詞, ....

 

8.強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系

in fact/ definitely/  undoubtedly/  without a doubt/ undeniably/ naturally/ obviously , ...

what is  particular/ believe it or not,....

not to mention/ especially/ particularly+名詞,...

 

怎樣做到“形散而神不散”？

 

中文作文和英文作文有很大的相似度，文章內(nèi)容也是需要通過(guò)某些紐帶來(lái)銜接的，也就是我們剛剛所提到過(guò)得cohesion。但是， 如果我們文章中只能夠使用以上我提到的銜接過(guò)渡詞（我們可以稱(chēng)這些過(guò)渡詞為“明線”）， 我們的作文是不能達(dá)到：“形散而神不散“， 這種高超境界的。

 

同理， 雅思大作文中假使我們也只能使用這些“明線”的話， 就coherence & coherence這個(gè)部分，我們的分?jǐn)?shù)大概在6-6.5左右。如果我們寫(xiě)作單項(xiàng)要求7的話，大家在coherence & coherence這個(gè)方面就要練就“形散而神不散”的武功。那怎樣才能做到不留痕跡？在分析研究了多篇高分范文和考官范文后， 小C 老師我發(fā)現(xiàn)了秘訣。這里，我就跟大家分享其中的一個(gè)秘訣：合理使用“暗線”，即不使用明確的連接詞，而是借助上下文之間的語(yǔ)義承接關(guān)系來(lái)自然地承接上下文。

 

暗線1：使用代詞或者限定詞對(duì)前一句話里出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行指代，從而在前后句之間形成自然的承接關(guān)系。

 

代詞： this/ these +名詞 (指代上文一個(gè)、多個(gè)事物）

this+trend/ development/ experience (指代上文一句話)

they /their/ we/ us/ ours

限定詞： the +noun

such + noun

 

下面我們就來(lái)分析一些范文，學(xué)習(xí)一下代詞和限定詞這條“暗線”的用法

 

例一：Traditionally, children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school, but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools, with both positive and negative outcomes. (C9T1  Task 2  a very good answer)

 

解析：此處的them指代上一句的foreign languages，即避免了表達(dá)重復(fù)也無(wú)形中連接了上下句； this policy則指上文的一句話，使上下句間不留痕跡地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。

例二：Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 million minutes in 1995 to just under 90 million in 1998. After peaking at90 million the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.(C9T2 Task 1 a very good answer)

 

解析：此處的these calls 指代的是上一句的Local fixed line calls。用詞雖然簡(jiǎn)單，但是卻能夠使上下句話之間無(wú)縫銜接。

 

通過(guò)以上的分析，大家現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到coherence & coherence其實(shí)就是要求文章中要使用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄊ箖?nèi)容上有效銜接，邏輯上清晰合理。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)使用“明線”， 也就是一些明確的銜接詞。 要做到更好，那就要學(xué)會(huì)使用“暗線”，也就是不使用明確的連接詞，而是借助上下文之間的語(yǔ)義承接關(guān)系來(lái)自然地承接上下文。

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